A term in classical Islamic jurisprudence denoting religious practice or acts of worship, i.e., worship performed by bodily actions or good deeds. In most classical treatises of Islamic law, it is contrasted to muʿāmalāt (worldly activities). In the writings of some Ismaili authors like Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī (d. after 1020), it is contrasted to ʿibādāt bāṭina ʿilmiyya (spiritual esoteric worship).
